Since 2011, Iraq has taken in large numbers of Syrian refugees. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 253,000 Syrian refugees (comprising 76,000 households) were registered in Iraq as of 31 November 2021. Iraq itself still faces large-scale displacement, as a projected 1.2 million IDPs and 5 million returnees remain affected by being or having been displaced due to conflict, which arose in 2014. The increase in vulnerable populations in Iraq has, in general, resulted in a corresponding increase in demand for municipal services in the most-affected areas. To improve public services and aid to the refugee population, local authorities and international and local aid agencies offer a range of assistance. However, despite this support, there are still considerable vulnerabilities and needs reported among refugee households.